{"id":5092,"date":"2025-04-27T04:12:07","date_gmt":"2025-04-27T04:12:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alkalemat-tabka.com\/?p=5092"},"modified":"2025-08-03T16:58:46","modified_gmt":"2025-08-03T16:58:46","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%ad%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%82-%d9%88%d8%a3%d8%b6%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alkalemat-tabka.com\/?p=5092","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5092\" class=\"elementor elementor-5092\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-69a77b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"69a77b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-744d959\" data-id=\"744d959\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eabda15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eabda15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong style=\"font-style: inherit;\">\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p><p><b>2025\/04\/26<\/b><\/p><p><strong style=\"font-style: inherit;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0633\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647.<\/p><p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064d \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629:<\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>: <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong><strong> \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><a name=\"_Toc194101341\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<br \/>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0650\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647: \u00ab\u0623\u064e\u0630\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f: \u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062b\u0631\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0630\u0627\u0646\u064f: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0630\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621\u061b \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0622\u0630\u064e\u0646\u064e \u064a\u064f\u0624\u0652\u0630\u0650\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0630\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064e\u0630\u0651\u0646\u064e \u064a\u064f\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0652\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064f \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u00bb<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>.<\/p><p>\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064e\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p><p>\u00a0<strong>\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062f\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0647\u064a \u00ab\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0633\u0646\u0629 911 \u0642.\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0646: \u00ab\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637. \u062b\u0645 \u0638\u0647\u0631 &#8230; \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u064d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627&#8230; \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1409 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1449 \u00ab\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 &#8230; \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064e \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1436 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>\u00bb<\/p><p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u0640\u00ab\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629)\u00bb<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>.<\/p><p>\u00ab\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1858 (\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631)<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 (\u062c\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644)\u00bb<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 Journal.) \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u064f\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0628\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 (\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629). \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629)<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>.<\/p><p>\u0648\u0625\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9#cite_note-:1-2\">\u060c<\/a> \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0650\u0626\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_(%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 29\/8\/ 1798\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/p><p>\u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u064c \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0647\u064a \u00ab\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1854\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>. \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1899 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>. \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u2013 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1993.<\/p><p>\u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0646 &#8211; \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 (- 2018 \u2013 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062f\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0632\u064a &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2013 1913.<\/p><p>\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0646 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 2018. (\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 16\/11\/2018).<\/p><p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p><p>\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p><p>\u00a0https:\/\/www.alanba.com.kw\/ar\/arabic-international-news\/lebanon-news\/668782\/14-07-2016-%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B6%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\/<\/p><p>\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \ufdfa.<\/p><p>https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9#:~:text=%D9%8A%D9%8F%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82%20%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9%20(%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9,%D8%8C%20%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%8C%20%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8.<\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u2013 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> (\u0635 31 \u062c 1) \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> (\u0635 15) \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u2013 \u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0646 Emile Boivin\u2013 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0632\u062c\u064a.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> (\u0635 5 \u062c 1) \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062f\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0632\u064a.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> (\u0635 7 \u062c 1) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u00a0\u0633\u064e\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064e\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u00bb.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> (\u0635 7 \u062c 1) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> (\u0635 32 \u062c 1) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> (\u0635 34 \u062c 1) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a 14\/7\/2016.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a>\u00a0\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 217 \u0623\u0644\u0641 (\u062f-3) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1948.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644&#8221; (1841) \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0643. (\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627).<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u064e\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0640\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0652\u0633\u0650\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u00a0(\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628).<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> (\u0635 9 \u062c 1) \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0628. (\u0635 16 \u062c 1) \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> (\u0635 15) \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u2013 \u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0646. Emile Boivin<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> (Qui donne ordonne)<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> \u0641\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> \u0627\u063a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0645 11\/5\/2022.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0645\u0629 &#8211; \u0646\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \ufdfa.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> \u00a0\u0623\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0638\u064f \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u00bb &#8211; \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 &#8211; \u0639\u062f\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 21 \u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2011<\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-96b058d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"96b058d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5bc405\" data-id=\"d5bc405\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5bbeaa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5bbeaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><strong style=\"font-style: inherit;\">\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><b>2025\/04\/26<\/b><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc194101340\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0633\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064d \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>: <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong><strong> \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p><strong><br><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc194101341\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<br>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0650\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647: \u00ab\u0623\u064e\u0630\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f: \u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062b\u0631\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0630\u0627\u0646\u064f: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0630\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621\u061b \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0622\u0630\u064e\u0646\u064e \u064a\u064f\u0624\u0652\u0630\u0650\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0630\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064e\u0630\u0651\u0646\u064e \u064a\u064f\u0624\u0630\u0651\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0652\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064f \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u00bb<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064e\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062f\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0647\u064a \u00ab\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0633\u0646\u0629 911 \u0642.\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0646: \u00ab\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637. \u062b\u0645 \u0638\u0647\u0631 &#8230; \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u064d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627&#8230; \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1409 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1449 \u00ab\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 &#8230; \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064e \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1436 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u0640\u00ab\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629)\u00bb<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1858 (\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631)<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 (\u062c\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644)\u00bb<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 Journal.) \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u064f\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0628\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 (\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629). \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629)<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0625\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9#cite_note-:1-2\">\u060c<\/a> \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0650\u0626\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_(%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0631<\/a>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 29\/8\/ 1798\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u064c \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0647\u064a \u00ab\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1854\u060c \u0644\u0631\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>. \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1899 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>. \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a 1585\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a 1610\u0645. \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a 1733\u0645. &nbsp;\u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u00ab\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0641\u064a 1734\u0645.<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629. 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u064c \u062c\u062f\u0651\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<p>* \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>* \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>* \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>* \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627. \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u064a\u0651 \u062d\u0644\u0651\u064d \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc194101350\"><\/a><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 &#8211; \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u2013 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1993.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0646 &#8211; \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 (- 2018 \u2013 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062f\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0632\u064a &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2013 1913.<\/p>\n<p>\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0646 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 2018. (\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 16\/11\/2018).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;https:\/\/www.alanba.com.kw\/ar\/arabic-international-news\/lebanon-news\/668782\/14-07-2016-%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B6%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\/<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \ufdfa.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9#:~:text=%D9%8A%D9%8F%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82%20%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9%20(%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9,%D8%8C%20%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%8C%20%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8.<\/p>\n<p><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u2013 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> (\u0635 31 \u062c 1) \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> (\u0635 15) \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u2013 \u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0646 Emile Boivin\u2013 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0632\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> (\u0635 5 \u062c 1) \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062f\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0632\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> (\u0635 7 \u062c 1) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629&nbsp;\u0633\u064e\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064e\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> (\u0635 7 \u062c 1) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> (\u0635 32 \u062c 1) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> (\u0635 34 \u062c 1) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a 14\/7\/2016.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 217 \u0623\u0644\u0641 (\u062f-3) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a 10 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1948.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644&#8221; (1841) \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0643. (\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u064e\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0640\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0652\u0633\u0650\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 &nbsp;(\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> (\u0635 9 \u062c 1) \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0628. (\u0635 16 \u062c 1) \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8211; \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> (\u0635 15) \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u2013 \u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0646. Emile Boivin<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> (Qui donne ordonne)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> \u0641\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> \u0627\u063a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0645 11\/5\/2022.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0645\u0629 &#8211; \u0646\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \ufdfa.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> &nbsp;\u0623\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0638\u064f \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u00bb &#8211; \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 &#8211; \u0639\u062f\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 21 \u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2011<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wps-pgfw-pdf-generate-icon__wrapper-frontend pgfw-icon-display pgfw-icon-display--default\" style=\"--pgfw-icon-justify:center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alkalemat-tabka.com?action=genpdf&#038;id=5092\" class=\"pgfw-single-pdf-download-button pgfw-single-pdf-download-button--default pgfw-single-pdf-download-button--icon-only\" title=\"Generate PDF\" style=\"--pgfw-icon-width:25px;--pgfw-icon-height:45px;\" aria-label=\"Download PDF\"><span class=\"pgfw-single-pdf-download-button__media\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img src=\"https:\/\/alkalemat-tabka.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-generator-for-wp\/admin\/src\/images\/PDF_Tray.svg\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a 2025\/04\/26 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0633\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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